Energy and the Wealth of Nations
能源与国家财富:认识生物物理学经济
能源系统工程,能源经济学For the past 150 years, economics has been treated as a social science in which economies are modeled as a circular flow of income between producers and consumers. In this perpetual motion of interactions between firms that produce and households that consume, little or no accounting is given of the flow of energy and materials from the environment and back again. In the standard economic model, energy and matter are completely recycled in these transactions, and economic activity is seemingly exempt from the Second Law of Ther