图书简介

List of Illustrations; Preface; Acknowledgement: copyrighted material; Chapter 1. The Earliest Nature; Primitive concepts of natural entities; Early figurative art; Symbolic language and folk taxonomies; Creation myths; Animal deities and anthropomorphized plants; Transformation and metamorphosis; Metempsychosis, reincarnation, and anamnesis; Transmutation and transubstantiation; Chapter 2. Eastern Nature; The Indian subcontinent; Buddhism; China: the common tradition; China: Confucianism; China: Taoism; China: Mohism; Japan; The three kingdoms of nature are not rooted in prehistory; Chapter 3. Philosophical Nature; Hellenic philosophical traditions before Socrates; The Pythagoreans; The Eleatics; The atomists; Empedocles; Diogenes of Apollonia; Socrates; Plato; Aristotle; Theophrastus; Stoic and later triadic divisions of soul or beings; Scepticism; Envoi; Chapter 4. Utilitarian Nature; Lucretius; Seneca; Pliny the Elder; Herbals and pharmacopoeias; Early medical texts; Bestiaries; Summary; Chapter 5. Neoplatonic Nature; Philo of Alexandria; Calvenus Taurus; Plotinus; Porphyry and Anatolius; Iamblichus and Dexippus; Themistius; Athens and Alexandria; Ammonius Hermiae and John Philoponus; Elias and David; Summary: philosophical themes within Neoplatonism; Chapter 6. Christian Nature; Early theologians and polemicists; Origen; Nemesius; The Cappadocian Fathers; Augustine; Pseudo-Dionysius; Boethius; John of Damascus; Summary; Chapter 7. Islamic and Jewish Nature; Islam and the translation of Hellenic philosophy into Arabic; Arabic natural history, an-Nazzam, and al-Jahiz; Al-Kindi, al-Farabi, and al-Mas,udi; The Ikhwan al-Safa; Al-Biruni, Ibn Sina, al-Ghazali, Ibn Rushd, and al-Abhari; Nizami Aruzi, al-Qazwini, and later authors; Sufiyya; The Jewish philosophical tradition: Ibn Daud and Maimonides; Kabbalah; Duran, Alemanno, and Albotini; The rediscovery of Aristotle’s natural history; Chapter 8. Monastic and Scholastic Nature; Cassiodorus to Hrabanus Maurus; Eriugena; Anselm, Peter Abelard, and Peter Lombard; Adelard and Berachya; Hildegard and Marius; The School of Chartres; Bernard Silvestris and John Blund; Robert Grosseteste; Thomas of Cantimpre, Bartholomaeus Anglicus, and Vincent of Beauvais; Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas; Bonaventure and Dante; The Fourteenth century; Nicholas of Cusa; From scholasticism to humanism; Chapter 9. Nature’s Mystic Book; Oracles and mysteries; Thrice-great Hermes; Universal truths and hidden meanings; Gnostic texts; Macrocosm and microcosm; Alchemy; The Kitab Sirr al-khaliqa; The Sirr al-asrar or Secretum secretorum; Magic; From Jabir to the Renaissance; Three Renaissance humanists: Ficino, Pico, and Agrippa; Paracelsus and the alchemists; Bruno, Fludd, and the nature-mystics; Summary and questions; Chapter 10. Allegory, Myth, and Superstition; Allegory; Beings with exaggerated features; Chimaeras: the borametz; Active transformation: the barnacle-goose-tree; Return from the dead; Monsters and marvels; Ancients and Moderns; Chapter 11. The Return of the Zoophyte; Dictionaries; Guillaume Bude: Roman law (1508); Otto Brunfels: materia medica (1534); Francois Rabelais: literature in the vernacular (1546); Jean Bodin: political theory (1576); Jacopo Zabarella: Aristotelian logic (1606); Johann Thomas Freig: Ramist natural history (1579); Robert Burton: English vernacular (1621); Juan Eusebio Nieremberg: baroque nature (1635); David Person: rare and excellent matters (1635); Henry More: the Spirit of Nature (1682); Concluding comments; Chapter 12. Plants and Animals; Herbals (from 1475); The rise of scientific botany 1: 1490-1580; Andrea Cesalpino; The rise of scientific botany 2: 1580-1680; Medieval and early Renaissance animal books; The rise of scientific zoology 1: 1520-1550; The rise of scientific zoology 2: the momentous 1550s; The rise of scientific zoology 3: the encyclopaedists 1560-1660; The rise of scientific zoology 4: curiosities and specialization; Zoophyta: a fourth division of nature?; Plants and animals in 1680; Chapter 13. The Most Wretched Creatures; Multiple worlds; Invisible airborne seeds; Leibniz and monads; Leeuwenhoek and Joblot: little animals observed; Buffon, Needham, and Spallanzani: spontaneous generation; A class of their own?; Summary: one hundred years of little animals; Chapter 14. Continuity in the Living World; The Great Chain under attack; Richard Bradley: A philosophical account; Corals: an ancient enigma resolved; Hydra: a new enigma; Charles Bonnet: the canonical Great Chain of Being; The Great Chain after 1780; Chapter 15. Classifying God’s Handiwork; Magnol and Tournefort; Ray and natural theology; Linnaeus; What, then, are fungi?; Adanson, Scopoli, and de Jussieu; Zoophyta as animals; Summary; Chapter 16. Beyond the End of the Chain; Nature as a map; Nature as a network; Nature as a polygon or Easter egg; Nature as a branched tree; Nature as a spiral; Nature as a circle; Quinarian nature; Summary; Chapter 17. From Histoire Naturelle to Anatomie and Morphologie; Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert; Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton; Jean-Baptiste Lamarck; Georges Cuvier; Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire; Felix Vicq-d’Azyr: le regne vivant; Jean Guillaume Bruguiere: a new arrangement of Vermes; Julien-Joseph Virey: evolution along parallel chains; Pierre-Jean-Francois Turpin: vegeto-animaux; Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville: infusoria as an appendage; Henri Milne-Edwards: embryology and classification; Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent: Regne Psychodiaire; Summary: France; Chapter 18. Naturphilosophie, Polygastric Animalcules, and Cells; Johann Gottfried Herder; Johann Wolfgang von Goethe; Immanuel Kant: transcendental idealism; German Romanticism; Naturphilosophie; Lorenz Oken; Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus; Alexander von Humboldt; Karl Ernst von Baer; Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg; Cell theory; The last Naturphilosoph: Carl Gustav Carus; Summary: Germany; Chapter 19: Green Matter, Zoospores, and Diatoms; Simple animals, simple plants; How, then, do algae reproduce?; Case study 1: Priestley’s green matter; Case study 2: zoospores; Case study 3: metamorphosis; Benjamin Gaillon; Friedrich Traugott Kutzing; Case study 4: diatoms and desmids; Summary; Chapter 20: Temples of Nature; Britain: three Linnaean kingdoms; Erasmus Darwin; Natural theology; Richard Owen; Vestiges of the natural history of Creation; Charles Darwin; John Hogg; Thomas B. Wilson and John Cassin; Popular natural histories in Victorian Britain; Summary: Britain; Chapter 21: Ernst Haeckel and Protista; Die Radiolarien (1862); Generelle Morphologie (1866); New classes of Protista; Sponges and gastraea theory; Monera, protozoa, and protophyta; Das Protistenreich (1878); Protists and Histones; Four kingdoms of life; The protozoological tradition; The phycological tradition; The bacteriological tradition; The protistological tradition; Summary: Haeckel and Protista; Chapter 22: Beyond Three Kingdoms; Kingdoms and superkingdoms; Four kingdoms (Copeland, 1938-1956); Five kingdoms (Whittaker, 1969); Other high-level proposals to 1975; The rise of cellular ultrastructure; Eukaryogenesis 1: Natura facit saltum; Eukaryogenesis 2: science may discover ten; Summary; Chapter 23: Genes, Genomes, and Domains; Introduction: the molecular basis of heredity; Molecular phylogenetics before sequences; The ribosomal RNA Tree of Life; The molecular consensus erodes; Thinking laterally about genomes; Genomes and pan-genomes; Genomes from the environment; Retrospective: the domains of life; Last words on kingdoms, empires, and domains; Appendix: Victorian popular natural histories; Acronyms; Notes; References; Index of names; Index of subjects

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