图书简介
Concrete is by far the most used building material due to its advantages: it is shapeable, cost-effective and available everywhere. Combined with reinforcement it provides an immense bandwidth of properties and may be customized for a huge range of purposes. Thus, concrete is the building material of the 20th century. To be the building material of the 21th century its sustainability has to move into focus. Reinforced concrete structures have to be designed expending less material whereby their load carrying potential has to be fully utilized. Computational methods such as Finite Element Method (FEM) provide essential tools to reach the goal. In combination with experimental validation, they enable a deeper understanding of load carrying mechanisms. A more realistic estimation of ultimate and serviceability limit states can be reached compared to traditional approaches. This allows for a significantly improved utilization of construction materials and a broader horizon for innovative structural designs opens up. However, sophisticated computational methods are usually provided as black boxes. Data is fed in, the output is accepted as it is, but an understanding of the steps in between is often rudimentary. This has the risk of misinterpretations, not to say invalid results compared to initial problem definitions. The risk is in particular high for nonlinear problems. As a composite material, reinforced concrete exhibits nonlinear behaviour in its limit states, caused by interaction of concrete and reinforcement via bond and the nonlinear properties of the components. Its cracking is a regular behaviour. The book aims to make the mechanisms of reinforced concrete transparent from the perspective of numerical methods. In this way, black boxes should also become transparent.Appropriate methods are described for beams, plates, slabs and shells regarding quasi-statics and dynamics. Concrete creeping, temperature effects, prestressing, large displacements are treated as examples. State of the art concrete material models are presented. Both the opportunities and the pitfalls of numerical methods are shown. Theory is illustrated by a variety of examples. Most of them are performed with the ConFem software package implemented in Python and available under open-source conditions.(incl. ebook as PDF)
PrefaceNotationsList of Examples1 INTRODUCTION2 FINITE ELEMENTS OVERVIEW2.1 Modeling Basics2.2 Discretization Outline2.3 Elements2.4 Material Behavior2.5 Weak Equilibrium2.6 Spatial Discretization2.7 Numerical Integration2.8 Equation Solution Methods2.9 Discretization Errors3 UNIAXIAL STRUCTURAL CONCRETE BEHAVIOR3.1 Uniaxial Stress-Strain Behavior of Concrete3.2 Long-Term Behavior - Creep and Imposed Strains3.3 Reinforcing Steel Stress-Strain Behavior3.4 Bond between Concrete and Reinforcement3.5 The Smeared Crack Model3.6 The Reinforced Tension Bar3.7 Tension Stiffening of Reinforced Bar4 STRUCTURAL BEAMS AND FRAMES4.1 Cross-Sectional Behavior4.2 Equilibrium of Beams4.3 Finite Element Types for Plane Beams4.4 System Building and Solution4.5 Creep of Concrete4.6 Temperature and Shrinkage4.7 Tension Stiffening4.8 Prestressing4.9 Large Displacements - 2nd-Order Analysis4.10 Dynamics5 STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS5.1 Elastic Plate Solutions5.2 Strut-and-Tie Modeling5.3 Solution Methods for Trusses5.4 Rigid-Plastic Truss Models5.5 Application Aspects6 MULTIAXIAL CONCRETE MATERIAL BEHAVIOR6.1 Basics6.1.1 Continua and Scales6.1.2 Characteristics of Concrete Behavior6.2 Continuum Mechanics6.3 Isotropy, Linearity, and Orthotropy6.4 Nonlinear Material Behavior6.5 Elastoplasticity6.6 Damage6.7 Damaged Elastoplasticity6.8 The Microplane Model6.9 General Requirements for Material Laws7 CRACK MODELING AND REGULARIZATION7.1 Basic Concepts of Crack Modeling7.2 Mesh Dependency7.3 Regularization7.4 Multiaxial Smeared Crack Model7.5 Gradient Methods7.6 Discrete Crack Modeling Overview7.7 A Strong Discontinuity Approach8 PLATES8.1 Lower Bound Limit Analysis8.2 Cracked Concrete Modeling8.3 Reinforcement and Bond8.4 Integrated Reinforcement8.5 Embedded Reinforcement with Flexible Bond9 SLABS9.1 Classification9.2 Cross-Sectional Behavior9.3 Equilibrium of Slabs9.4 Reinforced Concrete Cross Sections9.5 Slab Elements9.6 System Building and Solution Methods9.7 Lower Bound Limit State Analysis9.8 Nonlinear Kirchhoff Slabs9.9 Upper Bound Limit State Analysis10 SHELLS10.1 Geometry and Displacements10.2 Deformations10.3 Shell Stresses and Material Laws10.4 System Building10.5 Slabs and Beams as a Special Case10.6 Locking10.7 Reinforced Concrete Shells11 RANDOMNESS AND RELIABILITY11.1 Uncertainty and Randomness11.2 Failure Probability11.3 Design and Safety Factors12 CONCLUDING REMARKSA SOLUTION METHODSA.1 Nonlinear Algebraic EquationsA.2 Transient AnalysisA.3 Stiffness for Linear Concrete CompressionA.4 The Arc Length MethodB MATERIAL STABILITYC CRACK WIDTH ESTIMATIOND TRANSFORMATIONS OF COORDINATE SYSTEMSE REGRESSION ANALYSISINDEX
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