This book will bring you to the fascinating world of numbers and operations with them. Numbers provide information about myriads of things. Together with operations, numbers constitute arithmetic forming in such a way basic intellectual instruments of theoretical and practical activity of people and offering powerful tools for representation, acquisition, transmission, processing, storage, and management of information about the world. This is why, the history of numbers and arithmetic is the topic of a variety of books and at the same time, it is extensively presented in many books on the history of mathematics. However, all of them, at best, bring the reader to the end of the 19th century without including the developments in these areas in the 20th century and later. Besides, such books consider and describe only the most popular classes of numbers, such as whole numbers or real numbers. At the same time, a diversity of new classes of numbers and arithmetics were introduced in the 20th century. Examples are nonstandard numbers and their arithmetics, fuzzy numbers and their arithmetics, hypernumbers and their arithmetics, surreal numbers and their arithmetics, computable numbers and their arithmetics, non-Diophantine arithmetics, and computer arithmetics, to mention but a few.Key Features• Includes the developments in these areas in the 20th century and later. Besides whole numbers and real numbers, a diversity of new classes of numbers and arithmetics are introduced• A unique aspect of this book is its information orientation of the exposition of the history of numbers and arithmetic• Another unique aspect of this book is the demonstration that numbers don’t define arithmetics but serve as building elements of arithmetics. This means that from the same numbers, it is possible to build different arithmetics in the same way as from the same bricks it is possible to build a variety of buildings

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