Regular physical exercise is associated with substantial health benefits. Recent evidence not only holds for cardiovascular effects promoting ?physical health?, but also for the central nervous system燽elieved to promote ?brain health?. Moderate physical exercise has been found to improve learning, memory, and attentional processing, with recent research indicating that neuroprotective爉echanisms and associated plasticity in brain structure and function also benefit. Physical exercise is also known to induce a range of acute or sustained psychophysiological effects, among these爉ood elevation, stress reduction, anxiolysis, and hypoalgesia.燭oday, modern functional neuroimaging techniques afford direct measurement of the acute and chronic relation of physical exercise on爐he human brain, as well as the correlation of the derived physiological爄n vivo爏ignals with behavioral outcomes recorded during and after exercise. A wide range of imaging techniques have been燼pplied to human exercise research, ranging from electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to positron爀mission tomography (PET). All of these imaging methods provide distinct information, and they differ considerably in terms of spatial and temporal resolution, availability, cost, and associated risks.燞owever, from a ?multimodal imaging? perspective, neuroimaging provides an unprecedented potential to unravel the neurobiology of human exercise, covering a wide spectrum ranging from structural爌lasticity in gray and white matter, network dynamics, global and regional perfusion, evoked neuronal responses to the quantification of neurotransmitter release.燭he aim of this book is to provide the燾urrent state of the human neuroimaging literature in the emerging field of the neurobiological exercise sciences and to outline future applications and directions of research.

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