The validity of certain critical reasoning steps carried out during or peripheral to medical science, environmental health, population risk assessments, public health surveys, clinical experiments, or disease distribution mapping under conditions of in situ uncertainty and space–time heterogeneity is often given insufficient attention and may even remain completely unconsidered by the investigator. For example, the computerized guidelines of a medical diagnosis (or the technical complexity of a clinical procedure) may overshadow the logical assumptions made when moving from one phase of the diagnosis (or procedure) to the next, and the assessment of human exposure and population risk may focus on analytical and computational matters, while methodological and cultural factors are neglected. This book addresses the need to consider medical reasoning to enable health care professionals (medical decision-makers, clinical practitioners, environmental health investigators, geomedicinists, public health administrators) to make informed interpretations of medical decision-making and human exposure analysis. The aim is to help them structure their thinking so that they avoid logical mistakes and argument pitfalls (frequently associated with technical guidelines, computerized checklists and ad hoc procedures), account for multi-sourced uncertainty, gain new insights about reality, and improve their awareness of the environment and context within which their thinking takes place. The stochastic medical reasoning terms and methods laid out in this book provide health care professionals with an efficient approach to understand the underlying logical structure of the everyday language they use. For illustration purposes, the book encompasses various realistic medical cases with their associated knowledge bases (core and case-specific), the spread and control of future disease related events, and the testing of in situ environmental exposure hypotheses, as well as novel ways of developing sound case inferences and efficient interpretations of problems that may arise. Key Features: • This is the first book on space–time stochastic reasoning for environmental and health scientists • This book helps practitioners to structure and organise their thinking and planning skills

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