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AbbreviationsIntroductionWoodfuel Gaps and the Death of the ForestsWhere do Woodfuels Come From?Giving Scarcity a Human FacePart I: Rural Areas1. Trees for Rural PeoplePopular Knowledge and EmpowermentFarmer-led InitiativesSupporting Local InitiativesThe Economics of Rural TreesNew Thinking on Tree Economics2. Forestry for Land ManagementDefinitions and Types of AgroforestryOptions for Agricultural AreasOptions for Livestock-keeping AreasA Note of Caution3. Constrains on ChangeHousehold Economics, Labour and Conflicting NeedsTenure and RightsGender Roles4. Meeting the ConstraintsGovernments and the Legacy of HistoryCrossing Institutional BridgesInstitutional PartnershipsBuilding on Local OrganizationsNew Government StructuresThe Extension ChallengeTowards Project Design5. Rural Cases1. Farmer-led Initiatives in Shinyanga, Tanzania2. Paddocks in Mwenezi, Zimbabwe3. Building on Indigenous Practices in Turkana, Kenya4. The Koumpentoum Entente, Senegal5. Learning together: Forestry Developments in Konso, Ethiopia6. Research in the Mazvihwa, Zimbabwe7. Chitemene Shifting Cultivation, Zambia8. Alley Farming and Dairy Development in Kenya9. The Kenya Woodfuel Development Programme10. Water Harvesting in Yatenga, Burkina Faso11. Community Forestry in Northern Sudan12. The Majia Valley Windbreaks, Niger13. The HAD0 Project in Kondoa, Tanzania14. Woodlots or Fuelsticks in Kenya?15. Agroforestry in Koro village, Mali16. Agroforestry Diagnosis and Design in Kathama, Kenya17. The Village Afforestation Programme in Tanzania18. Agroforestry Outreach in Haiti19. Co-operative Forest Management in Guesselbodi, Niger20. Refugee Forestry in Somalia: the ’Step’ Plan21. Putting Trees into Non-tree Projects in Kenya22. The Naam Movement in Burkina Faso23. Project Campfire, Zimbabwe24. Rapid Rural Appraisal in Welo, EthiopiaPart II: Urban Centres6. Paying the PriceUrban Issues and ContextsGoals for Urban Energy InitiativesSoaring Prices?Woodfuel MarketsTowards more Efficient Markets7. Trees for the CitiesTaxing and Guarding the ForestsManaging the ForestsCommunity Control of the ForestsPeri-urban Plantations8. Fuel Switching and SavingIs the Energy Transition Happening?Fuel Switching and Urban SizeFuel Switching and IncomeFuel PricesFuel Switching versus Fuel SavingEncouraging Fuel SavingEncouraging Fuel SwitchingForeign Exchange Constraints?9. Urban Cases1. The Firewood Trade in Gaborone, Botswana2. The Charcoal Trade in Tanzania3. The Charcoal Business in the Sudan4. Household Fuel Use and Switching in Dar es Salaam5. Forest Taxes in Malawi6. Successful Forest Controls in RwandaReferences and Notes

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