图书简介

Interpreting Epidemiologic Evidence: Connecting Research to Applications; 1. Introduction; Synopsis; Learning Objectives; Perspective; Approach to the Evaluation of Evidence; Organization of Book; 2. The Nature of Epidemiologic Evidence; Synopsis; Learning Objectives; Goals of Epidemiologic Research; Measurement of Causal Relations Between Exposure and Disease; Applications of Epidemiologic Research; Framework for Examining Epidemiologic Evidence; Relationship of Epidemiology to Health Policy; Exercise: Critical Assessment of Study Methods, Results, and Applications; 3. Causal Diagrams for Epidemiologic Inference; Synopsis; Learning Objectives; Introduction; Causal Diagrams in Epidemiology; Purpose and Terminology; DAGs Encode Our Assumptions; Statistical Associations; Connection to Data Analyses; Depicting Passage of Time; Direct vs. Indirect Effects; Concluding Thoughts; Recommended Additional Readings; Exercise: Application of Causal Diagrams for Epidemiologic Inference; 4. Strategy for Drawing Inferences from Epidemiologic Evidence; Synopsis; Learning Objectives; Conceptual Framework for the Evaluation of Error; Estimation of Measures of Association; Systematic Evaluation of Sources of Error; Objective Evaluation of Sources of Error; Identifying the Most Important Sources of Error; Specifying Bias Scenarios; Exercise: Specifying Scenarios of Bias; 5. Confounding I: Theoretical Considerations; Synopsis; Learning Objectives; Definition; Identifying Potential Confounders; Traditional Approach to Assessing Confounding; Modern Approach to Assessing Confounding; Inappropriate Adjustments; Assessing the Direction and Magnitude of Potential Confounding; Methods of Controlling Confounding; Randomization; Selection of Study Setting Free of Confounding; Restrict Study Groups to Enhance Comparability; Statistical Adjustment for Confounding; Recommended Additional Readings; Exercise: Conceptual Basis of Confounding; 6. Confounding II: Practical Considerations; Synopsis; Learning Objectives; Evaluating the Presence and Impact of Confounding; Specifying Scenarios of Confounding; Assessing Whether Confounding is Present; Consider Potential for Complete Confounding; Assess Consequences of Inaccurate Confounder Measurement; Applying Knowledge of Confounding Based on Other Studies; Assessing Confounding When Risk Factors are Unknown; Dose-Response Gradients and Potential for Confounding; Integrated Assessment of Potential Confounding; Exercise: Connecting Conceptual and Statistical Assessment of Confounding; 7. Selection Bias and Confounding Resulting from Selection in Cohort Studies; Synopsis; Learning Objectives; Study Designs; Definition and Examples of Selection Bias; Selection Bias Versus Confounding; Evaluation of Bias in Cohort Studies; Compare Those Included to Those Not Included; Compare Disease Rates Among Unexposed to External Populations Assess Whether Expected Patterns of Disease are Present; Assess Pattern of Results in Relation to Markers of Susceptibility to Bias Due to Participant Selection; Assess Rates for Diseases Known Not to Be Affected by the Exposure; Integrated Assessment of Potential for Bias in Cohort Studies; Exercise: Assessment of Bias Due to Selection in Cohort Studies; 8. Selection Bias in Case-Control Studies; Synopsis; Learning Objectives; Control Selection; Participant Selection in Case-Control and Cohort Studies; Selection of Controls from the Source Population; Coherence of Cases and Controls; Evaluation of Selection Bias in Case-Control Studies; Temporal Coherence of Cases and Controls; Discretionary Health Care of Cases and Controls; Compare Exposure Prevalence in Controls to an External Population; Determine Whether Exposure Prevalence Varies as Expected Among Controls; Examine Markers of Potential Selection Bias in Relation to Measures of Association; Adjust Measures of Association for Known Sources of Non- Comparability; Determine Whether Established Associations Can Be Confirmed; Integrated Assessment of Potential for Selection Bias in Case-Control Studies; Exercise: Assessing Selection Bias in Case-Control Studies; 9. Bias Due to Loss of Study Participants; Synopsis; Learning Objectives; Conceptual Framework for Examining Bias Due to Loss of Study Participants; Evaluation of Bias Due to Loss of Study Participants; Characterize Nonparticipants; Consider Gradient of Difficulty in Recruitment; Stratify Study Base by Markers of Participation; Impute Information for Nonparticipants; Integrated Assessment of Potential for Bias Due to Loss of Study Participants; Exercise: Examining Implications of Non-Participation; 10. Measurement and Classification of Exposure; Synopsis; Learning Objectives; Introduction; Ideal Versus Operational Measures of Exposure; Biologically Relevant Exposure; Temporally Relevant Exposure; Optimal Level of Exposure Aggregation; Comparison of Optimal to Operational Measures of Exposure; Does Exposure Misclassification Differ by Disease Status?; Definitions; Mechanisms of Differential Exposure Misclassification; Evaluation of Exposure Misclassification; Compare Routine Measure to Superior Measures; Examine Multiple Indicators of Exposure; Examine Subsets of the Population with Differing Exposure Data Quality; Evaluate Known Predictors of Exposure; Evaluate Known Consequences of Exposure; Examine Dose-Response Gradients; Evaluate Whether Exposure Misclassification Differs by Disease Status; Identification of Subgroups with Nondifferential Exposure Misclassification; Integrated Assessment of Bias Due to Exposure Misclassification; Exercise: Assessing the Presence and Impact of Exposure; Misclassification; 11. Measurement and Classification of Disease; Synopsis; Learning Objectives; Framework for Evaluating Disease Misclassification; Sources of Disease Misclassification; Impact of Differential and Nondifferential Disease Misclassification; Evaluation of Disease Misclassification; Verify Diagnostic Accuracy for Subset of Study Participants; Examine Results Across Levels of Diagnostic Certainty; Evaluate Alternate Methods of Disease Grouping; Determine Whether Misclassification is Differential by Exposure Status; Create Subgroups with Accurate Ascertainment or Non-Differential; Underascertainment; Restrict Inference to Disease Outcome That Can Be Ascertained Accurately; Integrated Assessment of Potential for Bias Due to Disease Misclassification; Exercise: Assessing the Presence and Impact of Disease Misclassification; 12. Random Error; Synopsis; Learning Objectives; Nature of Random Variation; Sequential Approach to Considering Random and Systematic Error; Special Considerations in Evaluating Random Error in Observational Studies; Statistical Significance Testing; Interpretation of Confidence Intervals; Multiple Comparisons and Related Issues; Integrated Assessment of Random Error; Exercise: Assessing Random Error; 13. Integration of Evidence Across Studies; Synopsis; Learning Objectives; Introduction; Systematic Evidence Reviews; Data Pooling and Comparative Analyses; Meta-Analysis; Interpreting Consistency and Inconsistency Among Studies; Inconsistent Findings; Consistent Findings; Evolution of Epidemiologic Research; Integrated Assessment from Combining Evidence Across Studies; Exercise: Interpreting Evidence from a Collection of Studies; 14. Characterization and Communication of Conclusions; Synopsis; Learning Objectives; Presenting Clear, Objective, and Informed Conclusions; Applications of Epidemiology; Integration of Epidemiologic Evidence with Other Information; Identification of Key Concerns; Controversy over Interpretation; The Case Against Algorithms for Interpreting Epidemiologic Evidence; Exercise: Communicating Summary Assessment of Epidemiologic Evidence

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